What is yarn?
Yarn
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocking fibers used in textile manufacture, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and ropemaking. Thread is a type of yarn used for manual or machine sewing. To survive the rigouts of stitching, modern manufactured sewing threads may be treated with wax or other lubricants. Embroidery threads are yarns that are made specifically for embroidery.
Yarn varieties
The number of strands determines the classification.
Yarns are classified as single, one-ply, ply, plied, or folded, or cord, which includes cable and hawser forms.
Single-strand yarns
Single, or one-ply, yarns are single strands made up of fibers kept together by at least a modest amount of twist; filaments clustered together with or without twist; narrow strips of material; or single synthetic filaments extruded thick enough to be used alone as yarn (monofilaments). Spun single yarns, which are made up of several short fibers, necessitate.
Yarns with several plies
Yarns that are plied, plied, or folded are made up of two or more single yarns twisted together. Two-ply yarn is made up of two single strands, whereas three-ply yarn is made up of three single strands. Individual strands are normally twisted in one way before being merged and twisted in the opposite direction to make ply yarns from spun strands. The fiber is firmer, producing a harder texture and reducing flexibility, when both the single strands and the final ply yarns are twisted in the same direction. Ply yarns are used in both strong industrial fabrics and delicate-looking sheer fabrics to offer strength.
Yarns with cords
Ply yarns are twisted together to make cord yarns, with the final twist applied in the opposite direction of the ply twist. Cable cords can have either a SZS or a ZSZ shape, with S-twisted singles turned into Z-twisted plies and then combined with an S-twist. Hawser cord can be made in either an SSZ or a ZZS design. Cord yarns can be used as rope or twine, or they can be manufactured into very strong industrial fabrics, or they can be built up of incredibly fine fibers to make sheer garment fabrics.
Yarns with a twist
Novelty yarns are made with special effects like slabs, which are created by purposely inserting microscopic bumps in the yarn structure, and synthetic yarns with different thicknesses inserted during production. Natural fibers, such as some linens, wools for tweed weaving, and the uneven filaments of some types of silk cloth, are permitted to maintain their natural irregularities, resulting in the completed fabric's unique uneven appearance. Special features like crimping and texturizing can be achieved with synthetic fibers, which can be adjusted throughout production.
Yarns with different textures
Texturizing was first used on synthetic fibers to eliminate qualities like transparency, slipperiness, and the risk of pilling (formation of small fiber tangles on a fabric surface). Texturizing improves the appearance and texture of yarns while also increasing warmth and absorbency. Textured yarns are continuous synthetic filaments that have been altered to give them a unique texture and look. The surfaces of abraded yarns are roughened or chopped at various intervals and given additional twist to create a hairy look.
Bulking imparts absorbency and improves ventilation by creating air voids in the yarns. Crimping, which imparts waviness comparable to the natural crimp of wool fiber; curling, which produces curls or loops at varied intervals; and coiling, which imparts stretch, are all common ways to introduce bulk. Heat is commonly used to bring about these changes, but chemical treatments are also used occasionally. Bulky yarns were most often made in the early 1970s using the "false twist" method, which is a continuous process in which filament yarn is twisted and set, then untwisted and heated to either stabilize or destroy the twist. The "stuffing box" method, in which the filament yarn is crushed in a heated tube, imparting a zigzag crimp, and then gently released, is frequently applied to nylon. The knit-de-knit procedure involves knitting a synthetic yarn, applying heat to establish the loops generated by knitting, and then unravelling and lightly twisting the yarn to achieve the desired texture in the finished garment.
Bulk can be achieved chemically by mixing filaments with high and low shrinkage potential in the same yarn, then washing or heating the yarn to cause the high shrinkage filaments to react, resulting in a bulked yarn with no stretch. By enclosing a yarn in a chamber and subjecting it to a high-pressure flow of air, the individual filaments are blown into random loops that split, increasing the mass of the material.
Yarns that stretch
Stretch yarns are usually continuous-filament synthetic yarns that have been tightly twisted, heat-set, and then untwisted to create a spiral crimp with a bouncy nature. Although bulk is added during the process, producing yarn with both bulk and stretch necessitates a large quantity of twist.
Spandex refers to a highly elastic synthetic fiber made primarily of segmented polyurethane. Uncovered fibers can be utilized to make fabrics on their own, although they have a rubbery feel. As a result, elastomeric fiber is usually utilized as the core of a yarn, which is then wrapped in a nonstretch natural or synthetic fiber. Although natural fibers may be stretched, the process can affect other qualities, and using an elastic yarn for the core eliminates the need to modify the covering fiber.
Threads made of metal
Metallic yarns are commonly manufactured from strips of synthetic film covered with metallic particles, such as polyester. Aluminum foil strips are placed between layers of film in another approach. Metallic yarns can also be created by wrapping a metal strip around a natural or synthetic core yarn to create a metallic surface.
See man-made fiber for more information on the production, qualities, and applications of current synthetic novelty yarns.
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